TEXT B
3.6 These dictionary entries provide you with a wide range of translations of commonly misused words. Study the words and expressions and try to find the best variant according to the context in exercise 3.8
argue 1) сперечатися ( with – із кимось.; about - ) to argue logically — наводити логічні аргументи to argue plausibly — to argue sensibly — to argue heatedly, passionately, strenuously, vehemently — She loves arguing. Syn: debate , dispute Ant: consent 2) аргументувати, обґрунтовувати - argue against - argue for - argue in favour of - argue soundly Syn: reason 2., maintain 3) обговорювати to argue а problem (а case, а question, etc.) Syn: discuss , reason 2. 4) переконував, упевнювати, запевнювати, радити ( into ); відмовляти ( out of ) Syn: coax 1., persuade , persuade , reason 2., talk into 5) доводити, стверджувати to argue ignorance (inattention, innocence, etc.) — підтверджувати 6) служити доказом Syn: indicate • - argue away - argue down
concern 1. 1) відносини , відношення We have no concern here with this controversy. Syn: relation , concernment 2) справи, ділові відносини, стосунки Syn: business relations 3) зацікавленість, участь to have a concern in Syn: share, interest 4) турбота , стурбованість I noticed an expression of concern upon his countenance. Syn: solicitude , anxiety 5) справа, фірма, підприємство Syn: business , firm 6) річ The two old men with their butcher knives hacked out two concerns, which might serve in a rude fashion for oars. Syn: affair , article , thing
critical 1) вимогливий, критичний Syn: censorious , fault-finding 2) той ,що опікується/ має відношення до критики Moliere is only critical by accident. —3) а) переламний, вирішальний, зламний, критичний critical test Syn: crucial , decisive , deciding б) загрожуючий в) важливий, нагальний, необхідний a component critical to the operation of a machine — Syn: indispensable , vital
project 1) а) проект, план; програма to carry out a project — здійснювати план, виконувати програму to conceive project — замислити план to draw up a project —to shelve a project —- irrigation project - land-reclamation project - pilot project - public-works project - water-conservation project Syn: activity , enterprise , operation , undertaking , programme , scheme 1. б) завдання дослідницького характеру 2) а) об'єкт будівництва б) комплекс житлових будівель 3) ідея, думка, намір Syn: idea
3.7 In this article taken from Encyclopedia Britannica the word “training” appears 13 times. Translate the expressions containing this word and try to substitute it with a synonymic word or expression.
Reference list: training- preparation, teaching, guidance, education, schooling instruction, exercise.
employee training
in-service training
training schemes
made training a necessity
a new approach to training.
initial job training
refresher training
"sandwich" training
direct job training
widespread interest in training
trainee
the training staff
sensitivity training
3.8 Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. While reading mark or underline useful and up-to-point expressions. Entitle the text.
The interests, values, and expectations that workers bring to the workplace provide a useful point of departure for understanding how employees respond to managerial policies. While these psychological features vary among individuals, over time as workers move through different stages of their family and career cycle, and across nationalities, they do reveal certain similarities.
There is a long-standing debate between psychologists and economists over how best to ascertain worker interests and expectations. Psychologists have traditionally used survey questionnaires and interviews to measure worker attitudes, values, and beliefs and then examined the relationships of these attitudes to observable workplace behaviours such as job search, turnover, absenteeism, union organizing, and withdrawal from the labour force. The value of this approach is that it provides a direct measure of an individual worker's expressed attitudes and beliefs. Economists favour direct observation and measurement of these observable behaviours. This provides evidence of what economists call "revealed preferences," preferences that are revealed by actions taken. Both approaches are helpful in painting a complete picture of workers' views and the workplace outcomes that result from these views.
Since work is the most important source of income, it is no surprise to find that all workers place a high value on the income and security provided by their jobs. Both survey evidence and labour market behaviour demonstrate that workers expect their jobs to provide both adequate and fair compensation. Fairness, or equity, is normally assessed by comparing one's wages and fringe benefits with those of others in the same occupation, area, industry, or organization. Failure to provide adequate and equitable wages has consistently been shown to lower workers' job satisfaction and to increase the likelihood that workers will prefer either to look for another job or to act on the job to increase wages through organizing a union or striking. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the expectation of high and equitable wages weakens as individuals move up the occupational ladder and receive higher pay. Even among professionals, pay dissatisfaction continues to be a strong predictor of job turnover.
Most workers expect much more from their jobs than high and fair pay. In fact, perhaps the most important long-run trend in worker values is the gradual expansion and broadening of worker expectations. Survey data have shown that the vast majority of workers not only in the United States but all over the industrialized world place a high value on autonomy, opportunity for advancement, and the ability to have a say in how they do their work. Moreover, the higher the level of education, the higher the value workers tend to place on these aspects of their jobs. Given that educational attainment levels are gradually rising, these dimensions of employment are becoming more central to behaviour at the workplace. It is not surprising, therefore, that leading employers throughout the world have been experimenting with innovations in the organization and management of the workplace that provide workers with these satisfactions.
What do technical professionals want from their jobs and careers? Like all other workers, scientists and engineers are concerned about their employment security and long-term career opportunities. Concern over employment security arises in part from their dependence on winning contracts from customers or on obtaining budget funds from top management to support their project ideas. Because of the uncertainty over project funding, some firms try to keep their permanent research and development staffs rather small and hire engineers and other technicians as consultants on a contract-by-contract basis.
Like other professionals, scientists and engineers also want to gain the respect of peers in their field of work. Recognition of this desire led many early researchers to argue that these professionals were externally oriented--that is, they wanted to contribute to science and placed a relatively low priority on the needs of their particular employer. Later research showed, however, that most technical professionals also want to work on problems that are critical to the success of the firm. They want to know what the firm's priorities are and be given an opportunity to contribute to those goals. Above all else they want to be assigned to important and challenging projects and then be given the resources, influence, and autonomy needed to complete the projects successfully.
3.9 Work out the questions to the following answers.
"revealed preferences"
by comparing one's wages and fringe benefits with those of others in the same occupation, area, industry, or organization.
Since work is the most important source of income
Economists
to measure worker attitudes, values, and beliefs
between psychologists and economists
what the firm's priorities are
important and challenging projects
job search, turnover, absenteeism, union organizing, and withdrawal from the labour force
through organizing a union or striking
3.10 Make a list of at least 15 expressions and phrases from the article that would help you to speak on the topic “Career stages”.
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