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Admittedly, international organisations realise "active and passive rights of Ambassadors" in a slightly different way than States do, but these are conditioned by virtue of their status as subjects of International Law and the limited functional needs of these organisations. Where the activity of international organizations is concerned, State missions to international organisations fall into two groups: permanent and temporary missions. The staff of permanent missions accredited to particular international organization are almost the same as the staff of permanent diplomatic missions. Temporary missions which are called delegates, experts, etc., are sent ad hoc to participate in the work of the session of an international organisation or its main bodies or conferences convened by said organisation. States which are not member States to this organisation are allowed to establish permanent missions of observers with a view to providing the mission of the sending State with the protection of its interests within the organization as well as maintaining links with it. The eighth Chapter is devoted to Consular Law. The author stresses that unlike Diplomatic Law, Consular Law up to the beginning of the XX century existed in the form of Customary Law, which means that it was based on customary rules and national legislation. Modern Consular Law is considered to be Conventional Law as for the years past it has essentially altered scopes of its codification and application. In modern International Law there is no legal requirement which commits States to establish consular relations. But then again, a refusal to establish consular relations contradicts the main principles of International Law. It must be borne in mind that despite the existence of various views as to the necessity of opening a consulate, it is the receiving state that has the final say on this issue. This position is laid down in Article 4 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The main principle set forth in the Consular Convention is expressed in the desire to achieve mutual understanding and common consent whilst the interests of both parties are considered. There are two categories of consular posts: a consulate and an honorary consular representation. They differ radically, not in the scope of their functions but in the privileges and immunities which a consulate enjoys. The structure of a consulate depends on the scope of its tasks and functions. Consular career staff do not have an exact classification in International Law. That is why the conferring of consular rank is the internal affair of the accrediting State and as such is regulated by its internal legislation. The official recognition of a consul by the Head of State of the country to which he is assigned is called the exequatur and it has the same function as the delivery of credentials in the diplomatic service. The exequatur authorizes the consul to discharge all the functions of his office and serves as the evidence of his official capacity to the local authorities within his consular district. Bearing in mind that consular activity is many-sided the author presupposes that it is possible to differentiate the functions of consuls as those that are of a general and a specific nature. It is necessary to emphasise that the list of these functions in the Vienna Convention (1963) is not exhaustive. The Convention says that a consul can exercise other functions charged to him by the sending State. Much deeper consular functions are set forth in the Consular Code of States. In comparison with diplomatic representatives who enjoy the privileges and immunities of the receiving State independently, either they act privately or exercise their functions officially, consular officials are entitled to privileges and immunities only in the discharge of their functions. That is why such jurisdictional immunity is functional and its duration is limited only to the period that the person exercises their duties. 1 |
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