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ASYNDETIC NOUN CLUSTERS AND RENDERING THEIR MEANING INTO UKRAINIAN Present-day English abounds in asyndetic noun clusters which are very often used in newspaper and scientific matter/texts. They are word-groups consisting of two, three or more nouns (functionally equivalent to word-groups) like yarn production, yam production figures; the House of Commons debate; mother and child care. New Deal and Great Society programs.' Irrespective of the number of components in these clusters or their structure, they are always in subordinate relation to each other, i.e., they function as adjunct (attributive component) and head (nucleus). The former occupies the left-hand (initial) position and the latter- the right-hand (closing) position in the cluster. The subordinate relation between the parts of the binary asyndetic substantival cluster can be graphically presented as follows: yarn —> production, the House of Commons -* debate, mother and child -> care, cotton yarn -> production, New Deal and Great Society -> pro- grams. In many such and the like noun clusters the head components may have a compound noun or a word-group structure too: Sahara -> oilwells, US -> open tennis champions, Stormont -> a Social Democratic and Labour Party MP. Many asyndetic noun clusters may have extended adjuncts and extended/expanded heads as in examples Upper Clyde Shipbuilders -> shop stewards; Noise Advisory Council -> working group representative; the Suez Canal Zone base —> agreement negotiations. The semantic interrelation between the componental parts in asyndetic noun clusters is often quite complicated. 1 The illustrative examples of asyndetic noun clusters on this and on the forthcoming pages have been picked up in British and American papers: The Guardian, Financial Times, USA Today, from the Time magazine and others. 225 So is the structural complexity of many asyndetic substantival clusters, which may make their identification as two-, three-, four-, etc. componental word-group uncertain. In other words, a difficulty may arise as to how the asyndetic clusters should be treated - as the NN, NNN, or NNNN, etc. word-groups. This is of importance not so much for the allotment of a substantival cluster, which can partly be seen from the following examples: wage increase підвищення заробітної платні/зарплати; 10 per cent wage increase підвищення зарплати на 10% or десяти відсоткове підвищення зарплатні; US policy політика США; US foreign policy зовнішня політика США; the House of Common's debate дебати в палаті громад; the recent House of Commons debate недавні/останні дебати в палаті громад. The adjectival components, therefore, can extend the asyndetic noun cluster and change the starting point of their translation without changing in any way their asyndetic nature. Neither do they change the quantitative correlation of noun components in the clusters. Thus, the House of Commons debate, the Scottish League Cup-tie, the US foreign policy, etc. are two-componental NN-type asyndetic substantival clusters. Proceeding from this, the components like North-West, the U.S.A., the U.K., Long Kesh and the like are to be treated as single heads or single adjuncts, since they function as a single Compound or Nabbreviate</<SUP>N proper- еіс- Hence, the word-groups, as these below, are three-componental only: the Long Kesh concentration camp (Nprop. +NN), the US foreign policy statement (Nabbrev.+ AN+N). It goes without saying that each lexeme in the asyndetic substantival clusters adds some new meaning to its general semantic structure. Hence, the more lexemes the cluster consists of, the more unlike the other ways of approach to its translating there may be. APPROACHES TO TRANSLATING ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS As has been pointed out, there may be different approaches to rendering the lexical meaning of asyndetic substantival clusters. These approaches are predetermined by the following main factors: 1) by the number of nouns making up the cluster; 2) by the structure of the adjunct and head (or both these components); 3) by the semantic relations between the constituent parts of the asyndetic substantival cluster which may be local, temporal and others by nature; 4) by the presence or absence of the preceding adjective, participle, possessive pronoun or ordinal numeral. 226 Besides, a quick and correct rendering of meaning of any type of asyndetic substantival clusters mostly depends on the choice of the right component (or its part) from which the translation has to be started. TRANSLATION OF TWO-COMPONENTAL ASYNDETIC SUBSTANTIVAL CLUSTERS There can be suggested some ways of faithful translation of asyndetic noun/substantival clusters into Ukrainian. Each of these ways may be predetermined by one of the following three factors: 1) by the lexical meaning of the component parts; 2) by their structural form and 3) by the meaning of the cluster as a whole. Hence, translation of two componental asyndetic NN-structure clusters may start: 1) with the head noun: board members члени правління; economy regime режим економії; policy change зміна політики; payment imbalance нестійкість/незбалансованість платежів; 2) beginning with the adjunct (functioning as an adjective) or with the head (functioning as a noun): dinner-time break обідня перерва/перерва на обід; school reform шкільна реформа/ реформа школи; student groups студентські групи/групи студентів; currency reform грошова реформа/реформа грошової системи; liberation movement визвольний рух/рух за визволення. The number of thus translated asyndetic substantival word-groups in present-day English is considerable. Having often a dual meaning and nature, some Nadjuncts may be treated both as A+N- and as N+N-components of asyndetic substantival clusters. Of similar nature are also the substantival clusters with prefixed adjuncts which are translated, as a rule, beginning with the head noun which is characteristic of the NN-type asyndetic noun clusters: anti-apartheid legislation законодавчі акти/закони про заборону апартеїду, anti-trade union act закон (спрямований) проти профспілок; non-smoker compartment купе для некурящих/ для некурців. 3) the meaning of some asyndetic substantival clusters with compound adjuncts can be rendered into Ukrainian in a descriptive way as well: nine-men defence захист із 9 гравців (спорт); two-thirds majority більшість у дві третіх голосів; top-drawer family родина, що вдягається у дорогу одіж; the under-16 country match матч сільських спортсменів віком до 16 років. Some adjuncts of asyndetic noun clusters often have a composite structure. They may consist of words belonging to different parts of speech which consti- 227 tute either a regular phrase/word-group or a hyphenated conglomeration of words. This kind of word-groups are usually translated in a descriptive way too: the lame duck policy невдала/збанкрутіла політика; dead ball situations ситуації, за яких м'яч команді не зараховується; rob Peter and pay Paul policy політика виплати одній категорії населення за рахунок пограбування іншої; Manchster -travel-to-work area район Манчестера, звідки дістаються на роботу комунальним транспортом. Asyndetic substantival clusters of the NN-, NNN-, etc. structure are often preceded by adjectives, participles, bahuvrihi formations, pronouns, numerals, etc., used in the function of attributes. They usually form with the N/NN components distinct sense units, which may often predetermine the way of approach to the translation of clusters. For example, in the substantival clusters as final press conference, English amateur champion, London cab drivers, striking mine workers the attributive (adjectival) components modify the NN head components forming with them word-groups of the A+NN structure. In examples like a Democratic Party member, the Tory Government policy, toxic action results the attributive components form close sense units of the AN+N structure with the head noun. This structure of the word-group, i.e., asyndentic noun cluster, and the semantic interrelation between its components predetermines the choice of the approach to translating it. As a result, the meaning of the A+NN-type substantival clusters can be rendered into Ukrainian by the following main approaches: 1) beginning with the initial adjective after which the head noun and its adjunct noun is translated in succession: English amateur champion англійський чемпіон-непрофесіонал; leading world jockeys провідні (найкращі) жокеї світу; public protest meeting загальні збори/мітіні1 протесту; junior hospital staff молодший медперсонал лікарні; British health service англійська служба охорони здоров'я/ служба охорони здоров'я Великої Британії; 2) beginning with the adjective after which the following noun (adjunct) and then the head noun is translated in succession: final press conference заключна пресконференція; London cab drivers лондонські кебмени/таксисти; Royal Shakespeare company Королівська шекспірівська трупа; six-week summer holiday півторамісячна літня відпустка; major autumn campaign головна осіння кампанія London undergroud tunnels лондонські підземні тунелі; 3) a considerable number of lexically transparent asyndetic substantival clusters of the A+NN-type are translated in reverse or- der, i.e., beginning with the head noun after which the attributive component and the adjunct noun is translated in succession. The choice of this approach of translating the A+NN-type asyndetic substantival clusters becomes possible due to the existence in Ukrainian of identical semantic units formed with somewhat different grammatical means: European Cup-winners Cup кубок еропейських володарів кубків; Local authority staff штати місцевих органів влади; 4) some asyndetic clusters of the type may be semantically condensed. As a result, more words are needed in the target language to render their meaning, i.e., they are to be translated in a descriptive way: Royal Berkshire polo ground королівський стадіон для гри в поло в Беркширі; London Evening News лондонська вечірня газета «Івнінґ ньюз»; Royal Air Force військовоповітряні сили Великої Британії. The A+NN asyndetic substantival clusters may sometimes be translated in two ways: a) by preserving the componental structure of the English word-group; b) by transforming the initial adjective into a noun and changing the order of components: Maltese NATO base 1) мальтійська військова база МАТО; 2) натівська військова база на Мальті; 3) військова база МАТО на Мальті. Much simpler is the approach to translating the AN+N-type of asyndetic noun clusters in which the initial adjective (A) and the following adjunct noun form a sense unit of their own. The AN-type sense unit functions as a syntactically and semantically single at-.tributive component of the head noun. Translation of the AN+N type asyndetic substantival clusters predominantly starts with the head noun, after which the attributive component and then the adjunct noun is translated in succession: the Republican Party candidate кандидат у президенти від республіканської партії США; toxic action results наслідки токсичної дії (інтоксикації); dense fog patches пасма/латки густого туману; British Lion film фільм англійської кінокомпанії «Брітіш Лаен»; human resources planning планування людських резевів. As has been already mentioned some attributive components in English are of dual nature (cf. cannon ball, speech sound). As a result, they can be conveyed either as relative adjectives or as nouns: Labour Government policyполітика лейбористського уряду/політика уряду лейбористів', London district chairman голова лондонського окружної ради/голова окружної ради Лондона; salary structure design проект реструктуризації/впорядкування зарплатні. A number of AN+N-type asyndetic substantival clusters are 228 229 translated in a descriptive way too. It becomes necessary when the asyndetic noun cluster is used to denote a specifically British/American feature, which needs an explanation in the target language: Civil disobedience campaign кампанія громадянської непокори (кампанія протесту населення Північної Ірландії проти дискримінаційної політики англійської уряду супроти/проти католицької меншини); Industrial Relations Act закон про взаємовідносини в промисловості (закон косерваторів, яким обмежувалось право на страйки). Two-componental asyndetic substantival clusters may often have other than AN+N or AN+NN-type structure of components. These may be of the N+AN, or A+AN+N/AN configuration. The approach to their translating may consequently vary to some extent as well. The asyndetic clusters with the N+AN structure of the componetns may be translated in the following ways: 1) beginning with the AN head sense unit: US military bases військові бази США; NATO nuclear weapons атомна зброя (країн) HATO; UN General Assembly Генеральна Асамблея ООН. 2) A similar approach should be employed when dealing with the N+AN or N+QN/N+VingN structure substantival clusters with the initial proper names components as in the following word-groups: the Avior Airline general manager генеральний директор авіокомпанії «Авіор ерлайнз»; New Times editorial staff редакційні працівники (журналу) «Нью-Таймз»; Burnt Oak public library публічна бібліотека (в) Бернт-Оук. The asyndetic substantival clusters can be conveyed beginning with the initial noun which turns in the target language into an adjective: the Opposition Liberal Party опозиційна ліберальна партія; world public opinion світова громадська думка. Other approaches to rendering the meaning of similar type N+AN asyndetic substantival clusters are not excluded either. Thus, the Burnt Oak public library may also be translated as Бернтоукська публічна бібліотека; Shakespeare Memorial Theatre as шекспірівський меморіальний театр (у Стратфорді). It goes without saying that the descriptive way of translating is preferred, when the asyndetic noun cluster is used out of context: finance over haul bill законопроект про перевірку надходжень коштів на фінансування передвиборної кампанії претендентів на пост президента США; the Wednesday black belt пояс повного затемнення сонця в середу. Extensively exemplified in the newspaper and scientific mat- 230 ter speech styles of present-day English are also A+AN+N-type asyndetic substantival clusters with preceding adjectivai, participial and other modifiers in the function of attributes. To render their meaning, different approaches are employed, each being predetermined by the semantic correlation between the componental elements in the target language asyndetic noun cluster. Among the approaches the following are most frequent: 1) starting with the head noun, proceeding to the adjunct (AN) unit and concluding with the adjunct noun: major Western states interests інтереси провідних західних держав; the ten-kilometre international road race міжнародні змагання з бігу на 10-кілометрову дистанцію; 2) starting with the initial adjective or participle, proceeding to the head noun and concluding with the adjunct (AN) unit: thrilling second round replay захоплююча повторна гра другого кола; efficient public transport system рентабельна система комунального транспорту; 3) starting with the head noun (or sense unit), proceeding in a reverse order of components to the sense unit with the adjunct noun and concluding with the initial adjective, which becomes a noun in Ukrainian: Scottish Labour Party resolution резолюція лейбористської партії Шотландії; the Chechen fighters activities виступи бойовиків (у) Чечні; 4) descriptive translating can also be resorted to when dealing with this type of asyndetic substantival clusters: International Social Security Association міжнародна Асоціація (з питань) соціального забезпечення. Two-componental AN+AN-type asyndetic substantival clusters irrespective of the structural forms of A or N components are predominantly translated starting with the head AN sense unit. The A component of the head sense unit is usually the starting point: Big Business multi-national firms багатонаціональні фірми великого бізнесу; First Aid Nursing Yeomanry корпус медсестер швидкої допомоги; Old Age Pensioners Joint Committee спільна комісія/ комітет пенсіонерів за віком. The descriptive way of conveying the sense of AN+AN-type asyndetic substantival clusters may often become necessary to avoid ambiguity or in order to explain some national specific notions as in the examples Labour Party Young Socialist молоді соціалісти, члени молодіжної організації лейбористської партії; living fire central heating центральне опалення методом постійного підтримання 231 вогню/підігріву. Since the relative adjective and the noun in English has often the same orthographic form, it may sometimes be difficult to distinguish them at first sight as in case with the world in the cluster The Next World Esperanto Congress. Here the word world may mean both світ and світовий. Because of this translation of the cluster will have two faithful variants in Ukrainian: 1. наступний з'їзд есперантистів світу, 2. наступний всесвітній з'їзд есперантистів. |
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Expresses desire or affirmation, assumption, its modal meaning is... «She ought to have been thinking about spending her money on theatres already» (Dreiser) |
WAYS OF RENDERING THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE |
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«Ukrainian International Educational Fair» 11, 12. 02. 2012, Киев, Запорожье Выставка «Ukrainian International Educational Fair» (11, 12. 02. 2012, Киев, Запорожье) |
RENDERING OF THE CONTEXTUAL MEANINGS OF THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES Жив він бідніше за будь-якого ремісника. Carot never sold a picture. (Ibid) Каро не продав жодної картини/ні однієї картини |
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1 Changing of an extended word-group into a simpler sense «Я ніяких політичних поглядів не дотримуюсь» the translator used a more natural for the old and seemingly uneducated shepherd, a... |
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