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tie he had on.» (Dreiser) «God. You ought to hear Walter on the subject of you.» (Fitzgerald) краватиі»/Треба було бачити його...» «Боже. Чула б ти, що про тебе каже/говорить Волтер.» 3) When ought to expresses desire or affirmation, assumption, its modal meaning is rendered into Ukrainian through the modal adverbs and modal words певне, напевне, мабуть: «She ought to have been thinking about spending her money on theatres already ...» (Dreiser) «She's said to be very beautiful by people who ought to know.» (Fitzgerald) Вона мабуть/певне подумує вже про те, як потратити свої гроші на театр...» «Люди, які напевне/мабуть-таки знаються на вроді, кажуть, що вона дуже вродлива.» 4) The meaning of the modal verb ought to may sometimes be rendered into Ukrainian through peculiar word forms (mood forms) of the verbal predicate as in the sentence below: «If you're a poor driver, you «Якщо ти поганий водій/ oughtn't to try driving at night.» шофер, то не їздь (не треба (Fitzgerald) їздити/уникай їзди) вночі.» Some other contextual realizations of the modal meanings pertained to ought to are not excluded either, which can be seen from the English sentences of the exercise that follows. Exercise I. Offer faithful Ukrainian equivalents for the meanings of the modal verb ought to in the sentences below and translate these sentences into Ukrainian. 1. «Someone ought to go for the police.» 2. «Well, I think you ought to send it to her.» (Maugham) 3. «We don't think you ought to let him, dear.» 4. «Well, I think we ought to be starting ...» 5. «She ought to be very happy.» (Galsworthy) 6. «It is her birthday and she ought to have first choice.» (J.Priestley) 7. «We ought to make terms with him.» 8. «You ought to take care of yourself.» (Galsworthy) 9. «A strong party ought instantly to be thrown into the block-house.» 10. «Have I said anything I oughtn't?» asked Harvey Birch. 11. «You think I ought to have thrown White to the wolves?» (J.F.Cooper) 12. But I was wondering whether I ought to be getting back. 13.... he ought at least to be violently attacked by some party within it. 330 14. «You ought to be ashamed of yourself...» (C.Lewis) 15. «It ought to be better out in the country than in Town.» (Hemingway) 16. «That ought to be a beauty.» (Bates) 17. «He says so and he ought to know,» was the answer. 18. «You ought to care,» she answered with blazing eyes. (London) 19. «You ought to know all about statues and things.» 20. «He ought to have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage.» (Galsworthy) 21. «You ought to ask for a transfer to a more civilized school,» Leslie said. (I.Shaw) 22. «You ought to see the baby.» 23. «You ought to live in California,» began Miss Baker. 24. «Either you ought to be more eyeful, or you oughtn't to drive at all.» (Fitzgerald) 25. Life ought to be lived, as he lived it... 26. «Well, she ought to know bettter than to want to go out alone.» 27. ... he ought to be compelled to continue at this very manual form of work any longer. (Dreiser) 7. The modal verb need is known to have two forms of realization, e.g., that of a defective verb and that of a regular verb with modal meaning. The double morphological nature of need does not influence in anyway its lexical meaning, which remains in both cases identical. Hence, when used in its paradigmatic forms with the personal endings or with the auxiliary verb do/does and the infinitive with the particle to, the verb need is translated in quite the same way as its defective form in the present or past tense, always maintaining the meaning of треба, потрібно, необхідно. This can be seen from the following illustrative sentences: a) «That needs a bit of think- «Над цим треба ще трохи ing.» (Christie) подумати.» «He need say no more to «Йому не треба більше їй her.» (Ibid.) нічого казати.» «May I ask you to take care «Можна попрохати тебе of me?» «I didn't need any ask- заступитися за мене?» «Не ing.» (E. Wharton) треба прохати мене.» The meaning of the modal verb need may be rendered in the last sentence implicitly, i.e., by employing semantic transformation: Нічого/нема чого прохати мене. b) Similar semantic transformations are observed when rendering the meaning of resolute/negative advice or indignation: «Why need we defend it?» «Навіщо/чого це нам захи- (Maugham) щати це?» 331 « You need not worry about it». « Тобі нічого турбуватись (Ibid.) про це» с) There may be other contextual meanings equivalents of the modal verb need as in the sentence below where its Ukrainian equivalent is the modal verb бути повинним/мусити. « Well, nobody needn 't know «Але ніхто не повинен будь- about it...» (W.Jacobs) що знати про це.» The meaning of need in this sentence may also be expressed with the help of prosodic means (intonation and stress): «Тільки щоб 'ніхто не 'знав про це.» Exercise I. Identify the meaning of the verb need in fhe sentences below and translate them into Ukrainian. 1. We don't need anything else.» 2. «You needn't have to bring your umbrella, Sugar Boy, as we are going by car.» 3. «He need say no more to her this evening.» (R.Warren) 4. «Boys of your age need to sleep the clock round». (Snow) 5. «I don't think you need be afraid of that.» (Maugham) 6. «You need not come before tea.» (Ibid.) 7. «You are in a condition in which you will shortly need care and attention.» (Ibid.) 8. «You need not worry about that.» (Voynich) 9. Then for a flight to Italy ... people needed pasports to get abroad. (Hailey) 10. «Let's take you rear... Then I needn't get mine out of the garage.» (F.King) 11. «You need not be afraid.» (Wilde) 12. «You needn't trouble. It's here.» (Greene) 13. «More, I shall send you at all times that you need.» (O.Henry) 14. «As a matter of fact you needn't ascertain.» 15.... the chauffeur asked him if he needed help, but he shook bis head. (Fitzgerald) 16. «You needn't bother about coming up, Manson...» (Cronin) 17. «You want my professional opinion ... that what you need is sea air.» (Christie) 18. She said, «Need we go to the club?» (Greene) 19. «I'm sorry. You needn't be. It's not you, kid.» (Ibid.) 20. His presence in Columbus was due to the fact that his political fences needed careful repairing. 21. Hence, only twenty-five cents need to be returned to the man. (Dreiser) 22. «You needn't be in such a fright, take my arm.» (B.Shaw) 23. I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde) 24. To achieve long-term capital growth, you need foresight and selectivity. (The Economist). 25. «... I don't think you need translate it.» (Galsworthy) 8. The verb dare like the verb need may function in English 332 both as a modal verb and as a regular finite verb with all its paradigmatic forms. The lexical meaning of the verb, however, remains unchanged and corresponds to the Ukrainian verbs сміти, наважуватися/відважуватися, насмілюватися. The verb dare is mostly translated into Ukrainian as сміти, насмілюватися. For example: She daren't come here when І Вона не сміла/насмілювалася was alone. (V. Pritchett) заходити сюди, коли я був сам. When in its non-modal formal meaning, the verb dare is translated with the help of these same \1\Матуедужв'ввртіло прочитати He longed to read his stories свої оповідання Рут, але він не to Ruth but he did not dare. (Lon- наважувався/не насмілювався. don) In colloquial English the verb dare is often used either in a phrase form or as a composite word with the verb say: dare say/ daresay. «Most people would say so.» «Більшість так сказали б.» «І dare/say they would.» «Вважаю/гадаю, що ска- (Christie) зали б.» The verb daresay in the last sentence may also have the meaning насмілюватися, сміти, наважуватися/ відважуватися. Hence, a correct translation depending on its contextual environment may also be «Наважуваюсь/відважуюсь, стверджувати, що сказали б». The meaning of dare say/daresay in Ukrainian may be conveyed, therefore, as вважаю, допускаю, цілком імовірно, смію сказати, не без того, щоб; наважуся сказати/ стверджувати, etc. Besides, the verb dare is often used to express indignation as in the following sentences: «How dare you talk to me like «Як ти смієш так this.» (Maxwell) розмовляти зі мною.» «Let him come back, if he «Хай тільки свого носа dare!» cried Valencia. (Kingsley) наважиться показати тут!» - викрикнула Валенсія. The above-mentioned and other meanings of both the modal form and the regular finite form of the verb dare/daresay are to be found in the sentences cited in the exercise below. 333 Exercise II. Identify the meanings of the verb dare/daresay in the given sentences and translate them info English. 1. «How dare she come here!» cried Davidson indignantly. 2. «I simply dared not think what he meant.» 3. «I dare say you'd like to think it over a little.» 4. «I dressed in a hurry I dare say.» 5. «I dare say there's a great deal about human nature that I don't know.» (Maugham) 6. «I dare say he'll be happy enough.» 7. «I dare say he'll make a very good husband,» said Tarrell patronizingly. (W.Jacobs) 8. «Dare not say that man forgets sooner than woman». (J.Austen) 9. No conquistador dared to move without a royal licence. (J.Heming) 10. «How dare he say such a thing?» (B.Shaw) 11. He dared not go near Ruth's neighbourhood next in the day time. (London). 12. He did not dare to travel after dark. (London) 13. «I dare not be alone at night.» (Voynich) 14. Margaret did not dare to define her feeling. (Gaskell) English Modal Verbs Having not Aways Modal Verb Equivalents in Ukrainian Apart from the afore-mentioned there are four more modal verbs in English, which practically lack direct lexical equivalents in Ukrainian. These modal verbs are: shall, will, would and partly should, the latter being only historically the past form of shall, which, like the modal verb iv/7/and would, may sometimes have implicit meanings but lacking explicit lexical equivalents in Ukrainian. This is partly explained by the complicated nature of shall, will, would and should, which mostly combine their modal meanings with that of the auxiliary one, pertained to some of these verbs. A. Shall in its modal meaning is most of all used with the second and third persons plural and sometimes (though mostly in interrogative sentences) with the first person singular and plural. Depending on the intention of the speaker, the modal verb shall may express in combination with the notional infinitive the following main meanings: 1. Will or intention which can be conveyed in Ukrainian either with the help of the verbxom/mu or through the logical stress on the verb that implicitly expresses this meaning plus the corresponding intonation (prosodic means) of the sentence. Cf.: «Shall I tell you how I felt as а «Розповісти вам, як я, mate of my high school stu- дорослий, почувався учнем в dents ?» (С. Schimmels) одному з коледжів ?» The principal clause shall I tell in this sentence has the im- 334 plicit contextual meaning corresponding to the Ukrainian «Хочете/ бажаєте, щоб я розповів вам...? « A similar meaning of wish or will of the person addressed has the modal verb shall with the infinitive in the following sentence: Their eyes met. «Shall І їхні погляди зустрілися, serve ?» said Doris. (Maugham) «Допомогти (вам) ?» - запитала Доріс. Shall I serve? can also be translated as Хочете/бажаєте, щоб я допомогла? or Треба/потрібно моєї допомоги? The modal meaning of the verb shall may often incorporate some other meanings inherent in the lexical meaning of the infinitive with which it is used. Hence, different explicit variants may sometimes be suggested in the target language for one and the same modal word-group. The modal verb sha//with the infinitive may also express in the simple or composite sentences some other meanings: 2. Promise or promised assurance, consent: «You shall entertain as much «... Запевняю, ти будеш і as you please.» (B.Shaw) далі розважатися, як твоя душа забажає.» «Shall we say four pounds а «Погодишся (працювати) week?» (D.Lessing) за чотири фунти за тиждень?» 3. Warning, threat or resolute demand which is usually conveyed in Ukrainian through the imperative verb forms. Cf.: «I shall want your account of «Вимагаю звіту про те, як how this happened.» (B. Sha w) ви таке допустили.» «You shall not have it - not «Ніколи - ніколи ти цього ever. I will take care of that.» не матимеш. Це вже я про це (Ibid.) подбаю.» 4. Compulsion, obligation, order or demand (both in simple and composite sentences), which is also often conveyed through the imperative mood forms of the Ukrainian verb: «You shall not run away be- «He втечеш, доки не fore you answer.» (Ibid.) відповіси. Тобі/ не втекти, доки не відповіси.» «You shall not stay another «Щоб я за годину тебе hour in my house. Get out!» тут не бачив. Геть звідси!» (Dreiser) 335 The modal verb shall, expressing compulsion or obligation according to law or a prearranged agreement, is mostly used in texts of different regulations, proclamations, charters, treaties, contracts, etc. The verb srta//forms with the infinitive a sense unit, which is conveyed in Ukrainian through the verb-predicate forming a logical centre in the sentence. For example: Збори всіх членів Організації Об'єднаних Націй створюють Генеральну Асамблею. Вісник Генеральної Асамблеї ООН публікується робочими мовами. The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations. (Charter of the United Nations) The Journal of the General Assembly shall be used in the working languages. (Ibid.) It should be added in conclusion that in other cases the use of the modal verb shall is restricted to formal or even archaic speech style. In some context the meaning of shall may coincide with that of the modal verb dare as in the following sentence: «After such a picturesque «Після такої колоритної love affair in high society, who любовної пригоди у вищому shall say that romance is dead?» світі хто наважиться сказати. (Dreiser) що романтика вмерла ?» |
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