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TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH VERBALS AND VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS/COMPLEXES Common English and Ukrainian non-finite forms of the verb, i.e., the infinitive and both participles, are characterized by identical functions in the sentence. Some of their lexico-grammatical meanings, however, are considerably broader in English than in Ukrainian and include the combined tense and aspect or tense, aspect and voice forms of the infinitive as well as of the present participle derived respectively from the intransitive and from transitive verbs (cf. to live - to be living, to have lived; but: to do - to be done, to be doing; doing - being done, having been done, etc.) To render faithfully some of these lexico-grammatical meanings (semes) of English verbal paradigms into Ukrainian is not always possible. An exception make the simple paradigms, which usually have semantic and structural equivalents in both languages. For example: English Ukrainian to ask —to be asked Запитувати - бути запитаним, working (Participle I) - працюючий, працюючи; having worked (Perfect Participle) - попрацювавши, пропрацювавши. Translation of verbals depends not only on their structural, i.e., paradigmatic forms but also on their nature. Thus, a special approach is needed to render in Ukrainian the complexity of meanings contained by some paradigms of the English gerund (or to render the meanings of the Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk in English). Consequently, the ways of rendering the meanings of verbals are predetermined by some factors which include a) the structural form of the verbal and b) the function of the verbal in the sentence, 252 where it may be either a single part of the sentence or a component of an extended part of the sentence. Despite the differences in their morphological nature and lexical meaning, some verbals may perform the same functions in English sentences and in their corresponding Ukrainian syntaxemes. Hence, it is expedient to contrast the functions and meanings of English and Ukrainian verbals in the corresponding sentences of these two languages. WAYS OF RENDERING THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE Translation of the English infinitive is greatly predetermined by its form and sometimes by its function in the sentence. The infinitive functioning as a single part of the sentence, i.e., not being a component of a secondary predication complex, has usually corresponding equivalents in Ukrainian. The latter are a single infinitive or infinitival phrase when the infinitive functions as 1. The subject: Було так приємно знову дістатися до своєї кімнати. «Вивезти Айріні за місто... - в цьому було все!» Не було жодної потреби описувати родину Келсів. It was pretty nice to get back to my room. /Salinger/ To get Irene out of London ... that was the thing. /Galsworthy/ There was no need to desribe the Kelseys. (Christie) «Щоб чоловікові вдарити / бити жінку!» 2. The simple nominal predicate: «A gentleman to strike a lady!» (B.Shaw) This function of the infinitive is often observed in Ukrainian literary speech style, eg: Hi. He бути панам на Вкраїні! (Сосюра) Вже скоро бути бабиному літу. (Дмитерко) 3. Part of a compound predicate /or predicative: No, you couldn't have called Hi, її не можна було назвати her beautiful. (Mansfield) гарною. ... the company began to ...товариство заходилося/ 253 mark the time. (LDurrel) розпочало відраховувати час. Her next step was to speak її наступним кроком було to Llewellyn. (Cronin) ^ поговорити з Ллевеллином. «You will have to wait until you «Вам доведеться почекати. hear from me again.» (Dreiser) доки я знову сповіщу про себе». 4. The Object (simple, extended or expanded): ~i- --- - - , Julia found it very pleasant to sit then in the shade looking at the river. (Maugham) She taught him tosjtata table and not put his elbows on it. (Ibid.) Джулїі дуже подобалось тоді сидіти в затінку і дивитися на річку/воду. Вона вчила його сидіти за столом і не класти на нього руки. The infinitive has also its equivalents in Ukrainian when it is used as a complement to an adjective or adjectivized past participle: «I'm very glad to have seen «я дуже радий, що зуст- you again...» (Cronin) рівся з вами знову/що побачив вас знову...» Very often the English infinitival object may have in Ukrainian an equivalent infinitival phrase introduced by the conjunction: / was too much disturbed to Я був аж надто стурбова- go tQ bed. (C.P.Snow) ний, щоб іти спати. 5. An attribute (which is less often used in Ukrainian) as in the sentence below: «Can I give you anything to «Дати вам щось поїсти чи. eat or to drink?» (Lawrence) попити?» Attributive infinitives can also be conveyed with the help of attributive subordinate clauses: We made a list of things to be Ми склали список речей, taken ... (Jerome) щоб узяти з собою/які візьме мо з собою. This same attributive syntaxeme may also be translated as які/що треба було взяти з собою. Some English attributive syntaxemes can be conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of an attributive subordinate clause: «... he wasn't a sort of boy to «... він був не з тих хлопців, 254 яких можна збити з_ пан-телику. bje moved from 3. purpose ... (Ibid.) Some English attributive infinitives may have apart from subordinate clauses or infinitival phrases also prepositional nouns for their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian: ... there were instructions to ... були дані інструкції до / be carried out. (Cronin) для виконання (які треба було виконати). Note. This function of the infinitive is also observed in Ukrainian: мати бажання поїсти/щось випити. Він мав надію ще зустрітися. 6. An adverbial modifier (usually of purpose, result or consequence) may be conveyed in Ukrainian with the help of an infinitival щоб-phrase, a prepositional noun or a noun word-group: She wanted time to, think it їй треба було часу для over. (Galsworthy) обдумування/щоб обміркува ти це. It was too dark to_ distinguish Було занадто темно, щоб anything. (Lawrence) розрізняти що-небудь. These were the main Ukrainian semantic equivalents for single English infinitives performing different functions in the sentence. Exercise I. Prior to translating the English sentences be-low point out the function of the underlined infinitive and suggest a Ukrainian semantic equivalent for it. 1. Then she remembered about his own children; how most of them had been bom but to sicken and die before they grew up. (Maugham) 2. «I hope you'll have enough to eat», said. Julia. (Ibid.) 3. You did it deliberately to separate us. (Ibid.) 4. In the creek there are birds to watch, and fish to catch- and streams to explore. (Maurier). 5. It was necessary to do something. (D.Lessing). 6. I have not had time to examine that room yet. (C.Doyle) 7. It must be a big thing to swing the telescope like that. (H. Wells) 8. Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. (Galsworthy) 9.1 was too young to think such things at the time. (Ibid.). 10. His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest. (Ibid.) 11. George said we had better get the canvas up first. (Jerome K.Jerome) 12. He forgot to wind the watch when he 255 went to bed. (Ibid.). 13. We intended to camp in one of the inlets to be found round that tiny shore, (ibid.) 14. «I think», he said, «that to prolong this discussion is to waste time.» (Galsworthy) 15. He felt that it was something to be connected with such a place, and he made her feel that way. (Dreiser) 16. It is useless to discuss this problem. (Cusack) 17. Soames put on his coat as not to be cold. (Galsworthy) 18. Katie surmised that something had gone wrong in school to upset Francie. (Mowat) 19.1 crept back to my hut, to cast myself on my grass bed and sink into a dull, miserable, desponding stupor. (Ibid.) 20. Our job will be to investigate some of its properties. (M.Wilson) 21. I'm glad to meet you. (Dreiser) 22. She refused to answer him. (Lawrence) 23. Annie was now studying to be a teacher. (Lawrence) 24. It was sufficient to sit there to breathe, to look at the river and trees, simply to exist. (Braine) 25.1 meant to have a talk to him. (Wells) 26. He was ...too good a workman to be sacked and too outspoken about his Labour convictions to be promoted. (Braine) 27.1 told the driver the address to drive to. (Hemingway) 28. It was the automatic instinct to live. (London) 29. Anything was good enough so long as it paid - say, five dollars a week, to begin with. (Dreiser) 30. He was a fool to attempt to make a pretence that way. (London) 31. He was satisfied to turn his face away entirely, and any call to look back was irksome. (Dreiser). WAYS OF TRANSLATING INFINITIVAL COMPLEXES There are three types of infinitival complexes in present-day English (which are often referred to as secondary predication constructions): 1) the for-to-infinitival complex; 2) the objective with the infinitive and 3) the subjective with the infinitive complexes. Each type of these predicative constructions has some explicit and implicit grammatical characteristics of its own. Since translation of these complexes is often predetermined by their nature and structure, it would be expedient to dwell upon each of them separately. A. Ways of Translating the For-to-lnfinitive Constructions These secondary predication constructions are used in their active and passive forms which does not influence their functioning as various complex parts of the sentence. Depending on its function in the sentence and on the voice form (active or passive) of the infinitive, this secondary predication word-group may have different equivalents in Ukrainian. The most often occurring are the infinitive, an 256 infinitival phrase introduced by the conjunction щоб, a finite form of the verb or a subordinate clause. The realization of a definite meaning may be predetermined by the function of the infinitival for-phrase which may be as follows: 1. The complex subject having for its equivalent in Ukrainian a simple subject expressed by the infinitive or an extended subject expressed by the subordinate clause: «For me to see you is the hap- «Побачити тебе - для piest minute in my life... (P. мене найщасливіша мить у Abrahams) житті/є для мене найщасли- вішою хвилиною ... «It would be better for us to «Було б краще для нас leave him.» (Wilde) залишити його/щоб ми зали шили його. 2. A complex predicative having for its Ukrainian equivalent either an infinitive functioning as the simple nominal predicate, or a finite form of the verb, i.e., a simple verbal predicate: «If is not for you to make Ue не тобі ставити умови/ terms.» (Wilde) He ти ставиш умови. «The simplest thing,» said «Найпростіший вихід для Fleur, «is for him to resign at нього ... — негайно відмови- once.» (Galsworthy) тись від членства.» 3. A complex object corresponding to a simple or extended object in Ukrainian: We are waiting for the bovs Ми чекаємо повернення/на back from Hanoi. (Greene) повернення наших хлопиів з Ганоя... The condensed form of this infinitival complex may also have an object clause for its equivalent in Ukrainian: ми чекаємо, доки наші хлопці повернуться з Ганоя. 4. An attribute to a nominal part of speech: She had only to express а Варто було їй тільки wish for him to fulfil. (Mauaham} виголосити якесь (своє) бажання, він негайно ж виконував його. There was no room for us to He було місця, де сісти/де. sit down... (Galsworthy) можна було сісти. 257 5. An adverbial modifier of equivalents a subordinate clause / left something under your door for you to read it. (Carter) Her home was too far west for anyone to come to him. (Cusack) purpose or result having for their or an infinitive in Ukrainian: Я дещо залишив тобі під дверима, щоб ти почитав/ тобі почитати. її'домівка була далеко західніше, тож ніхто не міг навідатись до нього. Sometimes, however, an equivalent of the for-phrase in Ukrainian may be only a subordinate (or coordinate) clause: He paused for me to show my Він помовчав, аби я ще раз ignorance again... (Greene) показав своє неуцтво ... Exercise II. Identify the function of the infinitival for-phrase and translate each sentence below into Ukrainian. 1. For me to ask would be treason; and for me to be told would be treason. (M.Wilson) 2. For you to come here is impossible. 3. «For me to discover England to him,» she thought, «for him to discover the East to me.» (Galsworthy) 4. It was impossible for me now to persuade myself that this urgent desire of his to dispense hospitality was disinterested. 5.... It was out of the question for him to absnnt himself for any length of time. 6. It would have been easy for him to get out of it. 7. It seemed a good opportunity for Julia to get away. (Maugham) 8. It would be better for us to leave him. (Wilde) 9. It was not unknown for small boys to enter a monastery. (Ken Follett) 10. It was so easy for a young man of his looks and character to be led astray by evil woman. (Dreiser) 11. There was need for him to be economical. 12. It seems so babyish for me to be young to night school. (London) 13. It is for me to thank you. 14. «The simplest thing,» said Fleur, «is for him to resign at once». (Galsworthy). 15. «That is for me to decide, is it not?» (C.Doyle) 16. He wants me to do something pleasant - for him to feel better.» (Maugham) 17. All he wanted desperately now ... was for their child to live. (A. Hailey) 18. «What is there for me to do, except one thing?» (J. Conrad) 19. Rosemary looked for a place to sit. (Fitzgerald) 20. David had decided to let him wait for his seventeenth birthday to come. 21. We think it natural for parents to want their children to conform to a pattern they understand. 22. David prayed nightly for her and Blaise to come back. (I.Murdoch) 23. I'll try and arrange for you to see him at Mount Street. (Galsworthy) 24. He sat there in the little hot office waiting for one of us to speak. (Greene) 25. She also asked for more women to be appointed news-readers. (M. Guardian) 26. I sometimes think it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser) 27.1 bought something for you to read. 28. «It's not a bad thing for you to judge others by yourself». (Maugham) 29. There was milk in the ice-chest for her to drink.(Cusack) 30. And there was a child's shirt in the living-room waiting for a button to be sewn on. (Greene) 31. Arrangements are being made for the girl to be taken back to her own country. (M. Guardian) 32. Dr. Saunders stopped for us to join him. (Maugham) 33. But five minutes was enough for them to understand one another. (Cronin) |
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WAYS AND MEANS OF EXPRESSING MODALITY IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN Я бачив, що він не може/не take his eys off her. (Maugham) має сили очей відірвати від неї |
RENDERING OF THE CONTEXTUAL MEANINGS OF THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES Жив він бідніше за будь-якого ремісника. Carot never sold a picture. (Ibid) Каро не продав жодної картини/ні однієї картини |
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Підтема Календарно-тематичне планування до підручника “Our English”(Liudmyla Byrkun), 6-й клас, 3 уроки на тиждень |
WAYS OF TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS Будинок сповнювався звідусіль лункими голосами/У будинку повсюди лунали голоси |
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Урок 3 Підтема : Англійські парки / The English Parks Мета : Ознайомити учнів з новою лексикою уроку. Тренувати в аудіюванні. Удосконалювати техніку читання |
The logico-grammatical nature of the nominative absolute par Оскільки на попередні 2 Після того, як газета не листи газета відмовчалася, відповіла на попередні листи |
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UNITS OF NATIONALLY BIASED LEXICON AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION Купала, Маковія, or Ireland's St. Patrick, Scottish tartan, American Uncle Sam or the British John Bull, the British Lion |
ASYNDETIC NOUN CLUSTERS AND RENDERING THEIR MEANING INTO UKRAINIAN США; US foreign policy зовнішня політика США; the House of Common's debate дебати в палаті громад; the recent House of Commons debate... |
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Згідно Закону “Увага кожній дитині” (No Child Left Behind) ми повинні... Розділом III цього Закону Щорічних нормативів успішності (Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives AMAO) для учнів, котрі вивчають... |