|
|
Скачати 141.89 Kb.
|
|
James' face protruded naively, his mouth opening. (Galsworthy) can not undergo any complete transformation through reduction. 2. The second structural type constitute the nominative absolute participial constructions that contain no participle component at all. The relation of the predication in complexes of this type is implicitly inherent in and is realized through a prepositional (usually with a noun or pronoun) or a substantival word-group. Cf.: Now, with this visit to Cardiff Тепер, лаштуючись до in prospect, he wished her to ас- поїздки доКардіффа. він хотів, company him. (Cronin) щоб Крістін супроводжувала його. Не sat down, his face serious Він сів серйозний і and intent, and his fingers began зосереджений за рояль, і його to race across the keyboard, пальці швидко забігали по (S.Sheldon) клавішах. With so much at stake, he did Коли стільки ставилося на not want to appear inhospitable, карту, він хотів здаватися (Ibid.) якомога гостиннішим. 281 3. The third structural type form subjectless nominative absolute participial complexes. Their secondary subject may have a clearly addressed or an indistinctly addressed reference to the subject of the introductory clause. An illustration to the first subtype of such nominative absolute participial constructions may be the following example: Though being left out all night in the rain, the metal had not rusted. (Maugham) The secondary predicate (being left out) of the nominative absolute participial construction clearly refers to the noun of the matrix clause «metal». Consequently, its translation is easy: Метал хоч і пролежав цілу ніч під дощем, (він) не поіржавів. In opposition to this, in the second type of subjectless nominative absolute participial constructions the addressed referent in the introductory/matrix part of the sentence is not clearly indicated by the secondary predicate: Bobbing and bounding upon the spring cushions, silent, swaying to each motion of their chariot. Old Jolyon watched them drive away under the sunlight. (Galsworthy) The actions expressed by the participles of the nominative absolute participial constructions here refer to the pronoun they. Therefore, it is the secondary subject to the participles in this syntactic construction, which should be translated with the orientation on this pronoun: Старий Джоліон дивився як вони, мовчки похитуючись і підгуцаючи на пружинистих сидіннях брички, віддалялися в яскравому сонячному світлі. 4. The fourth structural type constitute nominative absolute participial constructions whose semantic reference to a part of the introductory clause (or to the clause as a whole) is quite vague and scarcely traced. As a result, such nominative absolute participial constructions function together with their secondary subjects as regular clauses of a semi-composite sentence. Though semantically not completely independent, these quasi-clauses are difficult to incorporate semantically and syntactically into Ukrainian sentences, which can be seen from the following sentence: She reached the lake and stood there staring at it, the wind whipping the thin night-gown around her body. (S.Sheldon) Neither the secondary subject (the wind) nor the secondary predicate (whipping the thin night-gown...) has any explicit syntactic and semantic connection with the introductory clause She reached the lake and stood there staring at it. The vague, almost untraced semantic connection of the quasi- 282 clause with the introductory clause can be guessed, naturally, on the basis of the contextual environment from which some temporal sequence of actions can be seen: the wind whipped her nightgown after she had reached the lake. Hence, one of the translation versions may be as follows: Коли вона підішла до озера й стала, вдивляючись у нього, вітер затріпотів тонесенькою нічною сорочкою, що тісно облягала її тіло. Because of the vague temporal reference of actions expressed by the predicative complex/quasi-clause, which is actually independent syntactically, it can also be translated as a separate sentence: Вона підійшла до озера й стала, вдивляючись у нього. Шугнув вітер і затріпотів тоненькою нічною сорочкою, що тісно облягала її тіло. Therefore, translation of these secondary predication constructions is predetermined by some semantic and syntactic factors, the main of which are as follows: plex; 1) the structural type of the nominative absolute participial com- 2) the function of the complex in the sentence; 3) its reference to a part of the introductory/semantically main clause of the semi-composite sentence. D. Ways of Identification of Implicit Meanings in the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions As has been said already, a peculiar feature of many nominative absolute participial constructions is their often indistinct semantic and syntactic role in the semi-composite sentence. The syntactic and semantic interrelations formed between the quasi-clauses with the nominative absolute participial construction on one hand, and the introductory/dominant clause on the other, may be of adverbial, attributive or objective nature. Among the most frequent adverbial meanings are temporal and causal, which are rendered into Ukrainian with the help of the corresponding subordinate clauses. For example: «I can't write with you stand- «Я не можу, Марджері, ing there, Margery.» писати, коли ти стоїш там.» (Galsworthy) A temporal meaning may also be indicated by an adverb/adverbial expression in the nominative absolute participiar construction 283 or by the corresponding tense forms in the introductory clause: Mr. Quest, once again Квест, коли його знову interrupted, turned his darky- обірвали, глянув на нього своїми irritable eyes on him. чорними сердитими очима. Ще один чоловік, що був спиною до фотоапараг перед жінкою спереду. (D.Lessing) Another man, with his back behind to the camera, faced the woman. (A.Hailey) As/since Mr. Hilary was at a meeting, the brothers had tea by themselves. The inherent here in this nominative absolute participial construction causal meaning is not explicitly indicated. Nevertheless, it is clearly felt from the sentence, which can be proved by inserting the conjunction since or as, and thus transforming the secondary predication construction into the causative clause of the complex sentence: Mr. Hilary being at a meeting, the brothers had tea by themselves. (Galsworthy) Therefore, there can be only one way of translation for such and the like nominative absolute participial constructions into Ukrainian and this is by means of causative subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunctions оскільки, тому що, бо: Оскільки Гілері був на зборах, брати сіли за чай самі/сіли пити чай самі. The nominative absolute participial constructions of causative meaning may also occupy a postpositive position in the sentence, i.e., after the introductory clause, as in the following example: We were walking by our- Ми десь із годину ходили selves for an hour, George hav- вдвох, бо Джордж зостався в ing remained in the hotel to write готелі писати тітиі листа, a letter to his aunt. (Cronin) Among other adverbial meanings expressed by these secondary predication complexes in semi-composite English sentence are also conditional: The human condition being Якщо вже так складається what it was, let them fight, let людське життя, то хай собі them love (Greene) воюють і хай собі кохаються... The nominative absolute participial constructions can also express other meanings and relations in the sentence. Then they are translated into Ukrainian respectively as corresponding nominal (or adverbial) subordinate clauses. For example: «It's strange in a way, me be- «Воно якось аж дивно, що я ing a secretary to the society... раптом - секретар цього (Cronin) товариства...» It was Dr.Dornbergen, his Це був лікар Дорнберґен, hands inevitably busy with his руки якого постійно крутять pipe. (Hailey) люльку. Translation of the nominative absolute participial constructions may be influenced by the individual author's usage, because of which the aim of their employment is always stylistically predetermined. These constructions are mostly employed for the sake of economizing the speech efforts, for creating some dynamism or easiness in narration and for achieving the necessary expressiveness; etc. The last of these functions had been proved to exist in colloquial English and also in belles-lettres works of many British and American authors. This could also be observed in the translation of the above-cited nominative absolute participial construction, which may also be rendered with some ironic flavour: It was Dr.Dornbergen, his hands inevitably busy with his pipe. - Це був лікар Дорнберґен, руки якого мов прилипли до люльки /ні на мить не випускав з рук люльку, etc. 284 |
|
WAYS OF RENDERING THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE |
WAYS AND MEANS OF EXPRESSING MODALITY IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN Я бачив, що він не може/не take his eys off her. (Maugham) має сили очей відірвати від неї |
|
UNITS OF NATIONALLY BIASED LEXICON AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION Купала, Маковія, or Ireland's St. Patrick, Scottish tartan, American Uncle Sam or the British John Bull, the British Lion |
As it has been pointed out in chapter I, the process of written or... Великої Британії, haggis зварений у жирі овечий кендюх, начинений вівсяною кашею впереміш із посіченими потрохами; кутя cooked peeled... |