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WAYS OF TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS The choice of the method and means for translating English participial constructions into Ukrainian is predetermined by the general implicit and dependent explicit meanings of the participle itself. These meanings reflect the lexico-grammatical nature of the participle as a verbal. Namely: its voice, tense, and aspect distinctions; 2) its lexical and grammatical meanings; 3) its functions in English and Ukrainian word-groups and sentences. A peculiar feature of Ukrainian is the restricted use of both the preposed and postposed (to nouns) attributive present participles. As a result it is not always possible to translate English V.ngN or NV.n' pattern word-groups with the help of these same structural types o? word-groups in Ukrainian. Especially when the participles originate from the verbs of motion, due to which the word-groups are translated into Ukrainiar mostly with the help of attributive subordinate clauses. For example: The hou.se was alive with ... Будинок наповнювали го- running voices. (Mansfield) лоси ... що лунали повсюди. This present participle may also be translated with the help of the semantically equivalent adjective лункий or even with the help of the verb лунали: Будинок сповнювався звідусіль лункими . голосами/У будинку повсюди лунали голоси. This same way of translation is employed when conveying the meaning of English word-groups with postpositive attributive present participles whose equivalents in Ukrainian are attributive subordinate clauses: In the night, going slowly Уночі, відходячи запрудже- along the crowded roads we ними дорогами, ми бачили passed troops marching under військові частини, шокрокува- the rain, guns, horses, pulling ли під дощем, гармати, коні. wagons, mules, motortrucks, all що тягли вози, мули, ванта- moving from the front, жівки, які всі відступали з (Hemingway) фронту. As can be seen, the postpositive present participles in the sentence above are all translated with the help of attributive subordinate clauses: troops marching under the rain - військові частини, що/які крокували під дощем; horses, pulling wagons - коні, що 269 тягли вози; motor trucks, all moving from the front - вантажівки, що всі відступали з фронту. The last word-group, naturally, can also be translated with the help of the finite verb: motor trucks, all moving from the front -всі /вони/ відступали з фронту. There exist some exceptions, however, when attributive present participles are translated with the help of Ukrainian equivalents of the same nature, even though they originate from the verbs of motion: «I think the whole turning point in my life was that awful Trenchardboy...» (Cheever) «Думаю, що причиною цього поворотного пункту в моєму житті був той жахливий тип Тренчард.» There came a rushing clatter of footsteps. (Steinbeck) Раптом залунали, наростаючи, кроки полісменів. The V NP pattern of the Ukrainian word-group in the above-given sentence, though grammatically/structurally acceptable can have some other faithful variants, which are more typical for Ukrainian. These are two: 1) the subordinate clause: Почулось, як залунали галопуючі кроки полісменів; 2) a construction with a diyepryslivnyk: Почулось, як залунали, наближаючись, кроки полісменів. English attributive past participles, on the other hand, are mostly translated into Ukrainian with the help of their morphological, lexical, and functional equivalents, e.g., past participles. This makes no problems in the choice of Ukrainian faithful equivalents for English attributive word-groups of this type. For example: «... many disappointed hearts « ... не одна розчарована still wonder why Coleman never душа й досі дивується, чому Колеман не одружився. її обличчя ... з підпухлими очима та розпухлими губами мало жахливий вигляд. Вони прийшли до покинутої/залишеної комори. Довкола все накрила темна ніч, усіяна мерехтливими зіоками-світлячками. married. (W.Maken) Her face... with swollen eyes and swollen lips looked terrible. (Mansfield) They came to a deserted store. (Ibid.) All round lay the black night, speckled and spangled with lights. (Lawrence) English predicative participles may sometimes undergo, when being translated into Ukrainian, a morphological/structural transformation and turn into a finite form of the verb, i.e., into a simple verbal predicate: ...він вийшов у провулок Чансері Лейн і по дорозі купив газету/купивши по дорозі газету. Настала, здавалось, погода. Сонце залило нас своїм промінням. ...he went out to Chancery Lane, buying a paper on his way. (Galsworthy) The weather looked settled. (Ibid.) Sunshine came spilling upon us. (Cronin) The compound predicates with component participles (looked, settled, came spilling) have for their equivalents respectively simple verbal predicates настала (погода), нас сонце залило. The English past participle used as part of a compound verbal/nominal predicate may often be translated with the help of perfective and non-perfective verbs. The latter, depending on the meaning of participles, may be personal or non-personal: What is done can not be un- Що зроблено, те зробле- done. (Proverb) но.(Що з воза впало, те про пало.) The street was deserted. (Snow) Вулиця спорожніла (була безлюдна). When used in an adverbial function, the English indefinite and perfect participles have mostly diyepryslivnyks for their semantic and functional equivalents in Ukrainian: Reading the works of men, Читаючи твори авторів, who had arrived, he noted every що досягли успіху, він схоп- result achieved by them. (Lon- лював усі особливості їхнього don) стилю. Having gained her degree, Отримавши вчений cmy- she was doing no more reading, пінь, вона вже не відводила (Ibid.) стільки часу на читання. The perfect participle, naturally, can be translated in the last sentence by means of a paraphrase: Після отримання/Після того, як вона отримала вчений ступінь ... Some present participles with the implicit predicative meaning 271 270 and function may be rendered into Ukrainian either with the help of a corresponding diyepryslivnyk or with the help of a finite verb (simple verbal predicate): Then he cut chemistry from Потім він викреслив із the list, retaining only physics, списку хімію, залишивши (Ibid.) тільки фізику. Instead of the diyepryslivnyk, like in the example above, the finite form of the verb may also be used in Ukrainian here: Потім він викреслив із списку хімію і залишив тільки фізику. In some sentences the translator may have difficulties while choosing in Ukrainian the language unit or its particular form for the English participle. This is because of the existence of some ways of conveying their meaning: a) with the help of a simple verbal predicate or b) with the help of the diyepryslivnyk. For example: When shaving, or dressing, or combing his hair, he conned these lists (of words) over. (London) Коли він голився, одягався or: Голячись, одягаючись чи чи розчісувався, він усе зубрив розчісуючись, він усе зубрив ці слова. ці слова. When translating English passive participles (predicative constructions with them) preference is given, however, to diyepryslivnyks: Ashamed of our stupidity, she Зніяковівши від нашої murmured: «Of course, of нетямущості, вона промим- course.» (Leacock) рила: «Авжеж, авжеж». «І am going the same day my- «Затримавшись тут два self having been detained here дні через повінь, я тепер і сам two days by the flood. (Gold- поїду звідси в цей день, smith) Some other faithful variants of translating participles and participial constructions are not excluded either, which is predetermined by the factors already mentioned above. Exercise V. Choose an appropriate Ukrainian equivalent for each English present/past participle first and then suggest a faithful translation of the following sentences: 1. The barking dog increased his tempo. (Steinbeck) 2. Dr. Maephal looked at the falling rain. (Maugham) 3. He heard the soft snow falling from a branch. (Hemingway) 4. A few early fallen oak- 272 leaves strewed the terrace already ... (Galsworthy) 5. Along the unpaved roads there were a few little houses ... (Steinbeck) 6. Here was a woman sitting before the fire. 7. Wherever you looked, there were couples strolling, bending to the flowers, greeting, moving on over the lawn. 8. She found herself in a wretched little low kitchen lighted by a small lamp. (Mansfield) 9. She was in their bedroom sitting by the window. (Cheever) 10. A cold wind swept the pavement, bearing a scrap of silver paper from a chocolate box across the lamp-light. (G.Greene) 11. He was in an ecstasy, dreaming dreams and reconstructing the scene just past. 12. So Martin went on into a thorough study of evolution, mastering the subject more and more himself and being convinced by the corroborative testimony of a thousand independent writers. (London) 13. Having shaken himself free from his old companions and old ways of life, and having no new companions, nothing remained for him but to read. 14. Maria, having heard his groans through the thin partition, came into his room, to put hot flat-irons against his body and damp cloths upon his aching eyes. 15. ... being unused to such appraisements, he did not know how to value it. 16. But she, who knew little of the world of men, being a woman was keenly aware of his burning eyes. 17. He halted, with a laugh, and turned, facing them. (London) 18. The street was full of people, laughing and going home. (Greene) 19. Wishing him to finish the work in time, Andrew decided to ask Chris to help him. (Cronin) WAYS OF TRANSLATING PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS The present and the past participles may sometimes present difficulties for inexperienced translators when verbals are used as part of the compound verbal predicate or in participial (secondary predication) constructions. Thus, the compound verbal predicate with the component present participle is usually transformed in Ukrainian into the simple verbal predicate expressed by a perfective verb. For example: He stopped, and took me up, Він зупинився й підхопив and the light came tumbling down мене, а світло поповзло по the steps on me too... (Saroyan) східцях і впало також на мене. When used as part of a compound nominal predicate, the participle with its linking verb is transformed in Ukrainian into a simple 273 perfective verbal predicate or becomes a compound nominal predi- cate: The trade fair was closed last week. (F.News) Виставка- ярмарок закрилася минулого тижня. This predicate in Ukrainian may also be compound nominal (like in English): Торговий ярмарок був закритий /було закрито/ минулого тижня. Difficulties may present, however, some secondary predication constructions with the present and past participle which have to be treated/analysed separately. A. Ways of Translating the Objective with the Participle Constructions/Complexes Like the objective with the infinitive complexes the secondary predication constructions with the present or past participle are used with the verbs of physical and mental perception, as well as with the verb to have. The participial construction thus formed has the function of the complex object and may be translated in different ways, the choice of which is predetermined, by some factors like in case of the functionally corresponding infinitival complexes. The main of them are as follows: 1 ) the lexical meaning of the participle; 2) the lexical meaning of the verb with which the participle is used; 3) the availability of the lexico-syntactic means in Ukrainian to convey the peculiar content and structural peculiarity of these secondary predication constructions. Taking into account the above-named factors, the objective with the present participle constructions may be faithfully translated into Ukrainian in one of the following ways: 1 . With the help of the object subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction що or the adverbial connectors як, коли: ...he heard her moving about e/H Чув як вона ходила по the room. (W.Jacobs) кімнаті. He listened to his uncle talk- він слухав, як дядько вів . to him ... (Hemingway) розмову/розмовляв з ним. 2. With the help of the adverbial subordinate clauses of time, purpose, manner, etc. which testifies to the existence of functional discrepancies in the two languages at the level of syntactic structure, function, and content. For example: Я бачив його у вересні, коли він переходив майдан до бару в ресторані Континенталь... Я докладав зусиль, щоб каміння не зірвалося з-під ніг і не покотилося вниз. / had seen him last September coming across the square towards the bar of the Continental... (Greene) I took pains not to send them (stones) tumbling down the slope. (S.O'Dell) 3. On rarer occasions a faithful translation of the object with the present participle construction may be achieved either with the help of an object subordinate clause or with the help of a semanti-cally equivalent substantival word-group: Я чув, як хтось плакав/ чийсь плач. Потім я почув Пайлів / heard someone weeping. (G. Green |
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