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шепіт/як шепнув «Томасе, Томасе.» Пайл: Then I heard Pyle whispering. «Thomas, Thomas.» (Ibid.) 4. With the help of the finite form of the verb, i.e., with the help of the simple verbal predicate: «I can see you marrying after «Ти, бачу, як підіп'єш, то ще a drink too many.» (Greene) станеш женихатися тут.» Some objective with the present participle construction may be translated with the help of two object subordinate clauses, as in the following sentence: He didn't care that they saw him crying. (Hemingway) Йому було байдуже, 1) що вони бачать, 2) як він плаче. The objective with the past participle constructions having actually almost the same N/l/Ven structural pattern as the previously analysed complexes are characterized by a stronger predicative motivation and meaning. This is because these complexes are used to express the state of an object/person, the meaning of someone's experience in something, one's witness or that something is made/done for the benefit of someone other. As a result, some ways of translation of the objective with the past participle constructions sometimes differ from those employed for the translation of the objective with the present participle or the objective with the infinitive constructions. The main of these ways coincide, however, and are the following: 275 274 1. With the help of an object subordinate clause: / heard his name mentioned Я чув, що/як його ім'я in the crowd. (Saroyan) називали у натовпі. This objective with the participle construction may also be translated with the help of a metaphorical paraphrase: Я чув його ім'я на вустах натовпу. 2. By means of the finite form of the verb (simple predicate) plus the objective noun: She grew more and more її щодалі більше турбувала alarmed by the intrusion. (O'Dell) ця висадка/ це вторгнення. Or as a predicative to the noun being the subject of the sentence as in the example below: Some of the houses had their У деяких будинках вікна windows broken. (Cheever) були побиті. 3. By transplanting the participial complex to Ukrainian sentences having here identical predicative constructions: When I returned I found the Прийшовши додому, я fence broken and the house door застав паркан проломаним. а opened. (O'Dell) хатні двері відчиненими. Note. Care should be taken as not to confuse attributive constructions of the V/l/Vlng pattern with those of the V/l/Ven pattern. The former are translated in two ways: 1) either with the help of a subordinate clause (when the noun is followed by the present participle): He looked at his father listen- Він глянув на батька, що ing with a kind of painful despera- слухав його з якимсь болісним tion. (Cronin) відчаєм. 2) or with the help of an identical attributive construction (when the noun is followed by the past participle): He had seen towns destroyed Він побачив міста, by bombing. (Cheever) зруйновані бомбардуваннями. lated into Ukrainian much like the above-treated subjective with the infinitive secondary predication constructions. There is, however, some difference between the action expressed by the NV.nf pattern constructions and the action expressed by the subjective with the participle N/l/Vlng pattern construction. The latter also in Ukrainian expresses an action in process. For example: Чули, що він співав. Чули, як/коли він співав. He was heard to sing. He was heard singing. English simple sentences with the subjective present participle constructions are mostly transformed in Ukrainian into a complex sentence introduced by the one-member indefinite-personal principal clause or by the infinitive performing the same syntactic function. The introductory/principal clauses and infinitives are Кажуть/ Як кажуть; Повідомляють; Повідомляється, що; Очікується, що/Очікують, що. This kind of transformations has to be performed when the present participle in the secondary predication construction is used with the verbs of saying/reporting or with the verbs of physical or mental perceptions (to see, to hear, to know, etc.) The principal clause then (the single verb indefinite personal sentence) is followed by an object subordinate clause: Бачили, ... як він притулявся своїми теплими вустами до мармурового чола античної статуї. Чули, як вони вдвох розмовляли, а Мейтлод, He had been seen ... pressing his warm lips to the marble brow of an antique statue. (O.Wilde) сидячи поруч, обмахувала його газетою «Світло». Очікується, що пізно в суботу ввечері або вже в неділю на нараді ЄЕР буде прийняте остаточне рішення на пропозицію президента Клінтона. They were heard talking together. Maitlaud beside him, fanning him with a copy of the Light. (Cronin) The EEC meeting is expected to take its final decision on presi- dent Clinton's proposal late on Saturday or on Sunday. (Guardian International) В. Ways of Translating the Subjective with the Participle Constructions The subjective with the participle (or the nominative with the participle constructions, as they are traditionally called) are trans- The subjective with the past participle constructions which are used in English with the verbs to appear, to seem, to have etc., do not require considerable structural transformations in the process of translation into Ukrainian. Their meaning is usually conveyed by 277 276 means of the same simple sentences as in English, with the past participle turned into the predicate verb: He had his eyes fixed always Він завжди спрямовував on the future. (London) свій погляд у майбутнє. This sentence, accordingly, may also be translated word-for-word: Б/й завжди мав свій погляд спрямованим у майбутнє./Його погляд завжди був спрямований у майбутнє. Ruth Morse seemed further Pvm Морз. здавалося, removed than ever. (Ibid.) відхилилася від нього далі, ніж будь-коли. The last sentence can be translated with the help of a complex sentence as well, with the verb seemed turned into the introductory principal clause: Здавалось, Рут Морз відступила від нього далі, ніж будь-коли. It should be pointed out in conclusion that there are some constructions with the past participle in English which may erroneously be taken for the nominative absolute participial complexes, which in reality they are not. These constructions have also a past participle for their syntactic head and may occupy an initial, middle or final position in the sentence: Taken hostage, the French Red Cross officials fell in the hands of a Maskhadov rival group in Chechnya. (The Guardian) Взяті заручниками представники французького міжнародного Червоного Хреста потрапили до рук ворожого Масхадову військового угрупування. Participial constructions of the kind are often formed from intransitive verbs: Arrived at this point, we Прибувши на це місце, ми halted. (S.Leacock). зробили зупинку/ми зупинилися. The nature and meaning of the kind of participial construction is more transparent, when it follows the noun and occupies a concluding position, as in the following sentence: He spoke with rare affection Він з особливою любов'ю of his sister Jean, now married розповідав про свою сестру, and comfortably settled in Тупе вже одружену, яка щасливо castle. (Cronin) поживає в Тайнському замку. Nothing in common with the NAPC have also constructions with the concluding past participle as in He had his hair cut, she had her photo taken, which are translated with the help of finite forms of the verb (predicate): Він підстригся, вона сфотографувалась. Certainly the most confusing for inexperienced translators are participial constructions with the grammaticalized past participles given, taken, granted etc. which are translated into Ukrainian with the help of diyepryslivnyks, diyepryslivnyk constructions or even via prepositional noun phrases. Cf.: Taken together, the results of Підсумовуючи/У підсумку the reaction proved the existence наслідки реакції підтвердили of some touch in the solution. існування домішок у розчині. Given the present financial Враховуючи/зважаючи на situation in South Korea, no other сучасний фінансовий стан move from the IMF could be ex- Південної Кореї, інших кроків від pected. (Fin. News) МВФ не доводилось очікувати. Exercise VI. State the nature of the participial constructions in the sentences below and translate them into Ukrainian. 1. Suddenly he heard someone running down the stairs. 2. I saw people wearing different clothes today. (C.Schimmels) 3. Through the open door of her room, he saw her pushing up her window. (Cronin) 4.1 had seen her three hours ago turning off the main road. 5. He saw the car coming over the rise of a hill. 6. «Just look at the rain coming down!» (Cheever). 7. Suddenly I saw the brush moving on the opposite side of the ravine. 8.1 watched them (Aleuts) landing on the bay. (O'Dell) 9.1 hear him calling her name. (Fitzgerald) 10.1 thought I detected a bazooka replying, then all was quiet again. 11. «You'll have them fighting.» 12. I would imagine him going up my stairs, knocking at my door, sleeping in my bed. (Greene) 13. She could hear the man and Soames talking together. 14. «And yet I don't see him doing it.» 15. «And yet we can see him taking no further notice.» 16. I don't want them writing home.» (Galsworthy) 17. Despite his concern for Alexander, Coleman found himself becoming annoyed. 18. As he spoke, Mike Seddrus found himself regarding this girl with even greater interest. 19. David Coleman found himself liking this girl. (Hailey) 20. He remembers Barker coming into the mess and starting to tell about it. 21.... I listened to him breathing regularly. 22. In the morning the old man could feel the morning coming. 23. One evening he was seen going into this very house, but 279 278 was never seen coming out of it. (J.K.Jerome). 24 Did you ever see baseball played? 25. «I heard your testimonial read in the Police Court, Fleur» (Galsworthy) 26. «He saw her face contorted for a moment with the extremity of his feeling ...» 27. On Wednesday morning Julia had her face massaged and her hair waved. (Maugham) 28. He saw her arms raised as she fixed her hair before a mirror. (London) 29. But they would feel their tails being tied! (Galsworthy) 30. At six forty-five I walked down to the quay to watch the American planes unloaded. (G.Greene) 31.1 watched him adjusting himself a little, visibly. (Fitzgerald) 32. We have the enemy almost surrounded. (Cheever) 33. I always see you this time of the year going up. (W.Maken) 34. This point is obvious: given the choice, businessmen would rather not pay bribes. (Newsweek) 35. Given the shortage of officers, it was not unusual for majors or captains to command brigades. (Encyclopedia of Ukraine -Toronto. Univ. Press.) 36. Given those anxieties, Germany's political and journalistic establishment enthusiastically greeted the appointment of Mr.Kornblum. 37. Given his background, Clinton doubted his own ability to have a successful marriage. (Intern. Herald Tribune) C. Ways of translating the Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions These English secondary predication word-groups, which are very often used in literary substyles, are presented in some structurally different types. The main of them are three: 1. The nominative absolute participial constructions consisting of a synthetic or analytical paradigm of the present participle. This type of secondary predication complexes may have the form of a synthetic or an analytic paradigm of the participle. For example, in the underlined nominative absolute participial construction This duty done, we refilled our glasses (J.K.Jerome), the paradigm of the participle is simple, i.e. synthetic. It has been derived, respectively, either from a less extended (The duty being done), or from a more extended/full analytical paradigm of this participle (The duty having been done). The contracted and less extended forms of the nominative absolute participial constructions are much more occurent in present-day English than their full paradigmatic forms, in which some emphasis is always laid on the categorial meanings (tense, aspect, voice) of the action expressed through the componental parts of the paradigm. Cf.: This duty having (perfective aspect) been (passive voice) done (accomplished action). When no emphasis is laid on the 280 categorial meanings in the paradigm of the participle, only the nucleus of it (the past participle) is usually used. The number of components/elements in the paradigm of the participle has actually no influence on the expression of meaning and translation of this predicative construction, which can be seen from the sentence below: This duty done, we unfilled Оскільки з иим було вирішено, our glasses, lit our pipes, and re- ми осушили келихи, запалили sumed the discussion upon our люльки й знову стали бідкатись state of health. (J.K.Jerome) про своє здоров'я. The syntactic/functional meaning of the participial construction in this isolated sentence may be considered temporal as well. Then its Ukrainian traslation wil be respectively Після того, як із иим було вирішено, ми... It should be pointed out that only the analytical paradigms, which contain the constituent elements of the passive and perfect participles of some verbs may be condensed. When the participial paradigm is represented in the nominative absolute participial constructions through a single present participle expressing an action of the secondary subject, it can not be transformed into an extended paradigm or contracted. Thus, the present participle opening in the sentence |
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WAYS OF RENDERING THE LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENGLISH INFINITIVE |
WAYS AND MEANS OF EXPRESSING MODALITY IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN Я бачив, що він не може/не take his eys off her. (Maugham) має сили очей відірвати від неї |
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UNITS OF NATIONALLY BIASED LEXICON AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION Купала, Маковія, or Ireland's St. Patrick, Scottish tartan, American Uncle Sam or the British John Bull, the British Lion |
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